Performance and Risks Management Study of Cobham plc 2312 Essay

Performance and Risks Management Study of Cobham plc 2312 - Essay Example Each of the four division offer range of products and service to the three different categories of end markets. Cobham’s US Defence/ security market, non-US Defence/ security Markets and commercial markets with 47%, 28% and 35% of the total market share as depicted from the image below (Cobham Plc. 2014): The consistent growth is acquired with its strategy of continuous improvement, transformation of business through Excellence in Delivery (EiD); and maintaining focus on the core market of second and third tiers of the defense, security market, commercial aerospace, land and marine market etc; and finally and divesting non-core businesses (Cobham Plc, 2015d; Cobham Plc, 2012). Global market share is presented below: The industry of the Cobham is highly complex in its characteristics. At one end, it is highly fragmented, facing high level of consolidation, strategic interdependency (ECORYS, 2009) and impact of loaming budgets (ATKearney, 2013). While on the other hand, the company defines opportunities and its respective position in the industry as follows: According to the annual report 2013, the company offers technologies that are technically diverse and are innovated to facilitate the diverse needs of the customers (Cobham Plc, 2012). Five years’ revenue trends is as follows: As graph above shows that the company has increased its sales except the CDS due to the slippage in the defense and security programs in USA (Cobham Plc, 2010). However, increasing margins from transformation under EiD program, acquisitions, and redefining scope and renaming of Aerospace and Security as Communications and Connectivity; from CAS; offset impact (Cobham Plc, 2013). Also anticipated decline in the defense sector by 2.5% while appreciation in the demand from the commercial sector by 25% in future years (Deloitte, 2015); has played its role. Cobham’s ranks

Need of HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Need of HRM - Essay Example Need of HRM: It is studied over the years that the Industrial relations in countries and regions have come under the influence of various situations and players such as economic imperatives, political philosophers, the role played by state in determining the direction of economic and social development, the business communities and the unions, the role of the colonial governments and their legacies. The objectives of the labour welfare have been achieved via freedom of the unions, right to strike and collective bargaining. (Syrian Desilva) Industrial relations shall influence the employers and employers’ organizations, so as to make them aware of labor law, labor welfare and the industrial competitiveness. Many of the organizations in Asia-Pacific are poorly equipped with this type of knowledge which can make valuable change in their policy decisions. These facts suggest that the employers’ organizations has to develop planned Industrial relations in order to nurture th e growth of Human Resource Management (HRM) policies for augmenting the competitiveness. It becomes a matter of debate that in view of HRM policies whether the labour markets are to be deregulated or not. The objectives should be properly understood and legitimate areas of legal prescription are to be carefully identified. In the Industrial relations the efficiency of the labours plays a vital role. Inequality makes the labours inefficient.

A guide for the works of the prophets Essay Example for Free

A guide for the works of the prophets Essay The prophet Amos is listed in Scripture as one of the twelve minor prophetical messengers (James Gray, 2007). Among the other minor prophets were the prophets Joel, Hosea, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Micah, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi (Torah). In the fourth chapter of the Book of Amos, verses 1-6, the prophet delivers a message of destruction that will come from God (Christ Notes, 2008). The first few verses of the Book described the character of Gods instrument, a shepherd from the southern kingdom of Israel (Gray, 2007). Prophets are mainly messengers of the Lord, as they are entrusted to deliver a message from the Lord (David Noel Freedman, 2008). God delivers his message to the prophets in visiosn or by means of dreams (Freedman, 2008). But in the exceptional cases such as Moses, God spoke to him â€Å"face-to-face† (Freedman, 2008). God calls the prophets to carry out the delivery of His message, or a â€Å"commission† (Freedman, 2008). God initiates the call of the messenger, usually with dreams or visions or a supernatural event, as in the cases of Isaiah and Ezekiel (Freedman, 2008). The messages of the minor prophets that they delivered in Gods Name were basically one in nature, and that was God will bring the nations to account for their conduct (Torah). Amos message was focused on the Ten Tribes of Israel (Torah). The Israelites were reveling in their new found wealth, with an insatiable desire for more (Christ Notes, 2008). This can be deduced upon reading the Eighth chapter of Amos, verses 4-6 (Christ Notes, 2008). Amos message of the inevitable destruction and captivity upon the people of Israel, went largely unnoticed (Got Questions, 2008). References Christ Notes. (2008). Amos- King James version. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. christnotes. org/bible. php? q=Amos+8ver=kjv Freedman, D. (2008). Biblical prophets. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. lightplanet. com/mormons/basic/bible/prophets_eom. htm Got Questions. (n. d. ). Book of Amos. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. gotquestions. org/Book-of-Amos. html Gray, J. M. (2007). Book of Amos. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://mb-soft. com/believe/txs/amos. htm Torah. (n. d. ). The twelve prophets. Retreived August 13, 2008, from http://www. torah. org/learning/basics/primer/torah/12minor. html#amos

Drug safety assessment

Drug safety assessment INTRODUCTION Pre-clinical studies or pre-clinical trials are very important stage of research in drug development process. Pre-clinical trials are also known as non-clinical safety assessment. The main purpose of carrying out these studies is to ensure that the test compound is safe before testing in humans (clinical trials), characterise toxicity and target organs, to fulfil regulatory requirements and to protect employees in manufacturing. In other words, quality, safety and efficacy of a test compound are determined during pre-clinical studies. Animals such as rodents (mice, rat) and non-rodent (monkey, dog) are used in pre-clinical trials before administration to humans (clinical trial phase) so as to separate efficacy from toxicity in human volunteers. The international conferences on harmonisation (ICH) for drug development are regulatory authorities which provide instructions for development and registration of new chemical entities (NCE) likewise instructions for carrying out assessment i n animals. The concept of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement and Replacement) is widely employed by ICH for pharmaceutical industries to comply. This concept is employed so as to reduce the numbers of animals and also to avoid prolonged testing period. Anti-arthritis drug are used to treat arthritis (inflammation of joints). Important pre-clinical tests required include general toxicology, safety pharmacology, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity studies and genetic toxicology . PRE-CLINICAL TESTS Test for Carcinogenicity Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity study evaluates the carcinogenic potential of the compound. During pre-clinical studies, animals are used firstly so as to determine the potential risk of the anti-arthritis drug in humans. In order to evaluate carcinogenicity, two types of studies are conducted which are the short-term study and the long-term study. The short-term study involves using the four transgenic models. The four transgenic models used are inactivated tumour suppressor gene (p53+/- model), activated oncogene (Tg.Ac model and rasH2) and inactivated DNA repair gene (XPA-1-model). The genetic alterations of the four transgenic models are made in relation to carcinogenesis processes. The long-term study involves the use of mice or rats of both sexes and is usually a two years study. The correlation between rats to humans is about 70% and is more sensitive making them the major specie of animal used for the long-term carcinogenicity studies. Spragne-daweley has high chances of survival and as a result, these strains of rats are required for the 2years bioassay. Treated animals are divided into three groups each containing about 50-100 animals per sex. In rats, the treated groups are observed for 24months while 18months in mice. Large numbers of animal are used for this study because continuous dosing of the drug could induce tumour and also to achieve a strong statistical result. Furthermore, non-genotoxic carcinogens can cause some rodent strains to be susceptible to tumour induction and in order to distinguish rodent specific processes related to human, understanding carcinogenesis mechanisms based on the specificity of tissues is very vital. Genotoxicity Test Genotoxicity test is carried out so as to determine whether the anti-arthritis drug can cause genetic damage. The genotoxicity test required include; mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) otherwise known as in vitro mammalian cell clastogenecity, the Bruce Ames test (Ames test) and mouse micronuclei assay. These tests detects whether the anti-arthritis can cause alterations in chromosome and damage to DNA leading to genetic mutation and ultimately results in malignant tumour (cancerous cell).The Ames test is commonly used for the genotoxicity test and it detects whether the drug is genotoxic. This occurs by causing back mutation in bacteria colonies and it takes up to about 48hours . Gene mutation, clastogenecity of a genotoxic compound and chromosomal aberrations are determined via the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) or in vitro mammalian cell clastogenecity. The MLA requires between 2-3weeks and can either give a negative result to the Ames test or not detected at all. An additional test used in g enotoxicity testing is the mouse micronuclei assay which is an in vivo study. This is required because regulatory authorities (ICH) requires both in vitro and in vivo test. The process of ADME of the anti-arthritis drug is used to detect genotoxicity via the mouse micronuclei assay. After performing all the three tests discussed and the anti-arthritis drug remains positive to all, then the drug is probably carcinogenic to humans. Test for Organ Toxicity and Biochemical Dysregulation Safety Pharmacology Safety pharmacology of the anti-arthritis drug is required to detect target organ toxicity such as cardiovascular, central nervous, respiratory, renal and gastrointestinal system. Rodents (such as mice and rats) and non-rodents (such as guinea pigs and dogs) are required or used for safety pharmacology test. Rats or mice are required for CNS and respiratory studies while dog is required for cardiovascular studies. The pharmacological activity of the anti-arthritis drug is determined by carrying out the ligand binding assay which makes in vitro studies preferable to in vivo studies. In safety pharmacology studies, the animals are divided into four groups, three treated group and one control group. The maximum number of rats required per group is fifteen and four dogs group. The duration of dosage in safety pharmacology studies is usually one month . The ICH (S7A) perspective on cardiovascular safety pharmacology required core battery studies and follow up studies. Some of the core bat tery studies include heart rate, electrocardiogram and blood pressure must be evaluated. In vitro and in vivo evaluations, conductance abnormalities including methods for assessing repolarisation must be put into consideration . Some of the follow up studies include vascular resistance, cardiac output, the effects of exogenous and/or endogenous compound on the cardiovascular responses and so on . General Toxicity studies General toxicology test is required for dose determination for No observed effect level (NOEL). The acute toxicity test is also known single dose toxicity and is required to assess biochemical dysregulation and also to determine the levels at which the anti-arthritis drug could cause an adverse reaction. The animals used for general toxicity test are rats and dogs and are usually dosed between 14-28days. Change in organ weight, histopathology, mortality rate, clinical pathology and necropsy are the parameters required to assess toxicity.General toxicology must be done before one month of reproductive studies. Reproductive Toxicity Studies The aim of reproductive toxicity studies is to reveal any effect of the anti-arthritis drug on mammalian reproduction. Rats and rabbits are the most commonly used and widely accepted animal. Rabbits are used because semen is easily collected. The ICH study design for reproductive toxicity studies include fertility and early embryonic development to implantation (rabbits dosed from day 6-18, rats dosed from day 6-15), organogenesis otherwise known as embryo-foetal development and pre and post-natal development (treatment last for 15gestation days and 21lactation days).The study design for fertility and early embryonic development studies requires four groups of 20males and 20females animal. Also, the study design for embryo-foetal development generally have four groups of 20rats or 20rabbits and ICH require evaluation of 16 to 20litters to provide a degree of consistency between studies [8; 9; 12; 13; 14]. Information derived from acute and repeated dose toxicity studies of at least o ne month are required before reproductive toxicology. Conclusion Pre-clinical studies must be carried out before clinical trials so as to protect human volunteers. All the studies described above determine how competent the anti-arthritis drug is before proceeding to clinical trials. All the regulations provided by ICH are widely used most especially the concept of 3Rs. Safety, quality and efficacy are the main objectives for carrying out preclinical studies. Some of the test required during preclinical studies includes carcinogenicity test which involves the short term and long term studies, genotoxicity test, reproductive test, safety pharmacology, renal toxicity test, cardiovascular toxicity test, general toxicity test and neurotoxicity test (functional observation battery test). REFERENCES ICH harmonised tripartite guideline, Dose selection for carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals S1C(R2). Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/human/ich/038395en.pdf ICH harmonised tripartite guideline, Guidance on specific aspects of regulatory genotoxicity tests for pharmaceuticals S2A Available at: http://www.bcg-usa.com/regulatory/docs/ich/ICHS2A.pdf ICH harmonised tripartite guideline, Safety pharmacology studies for human pharmaceuticals S7A. Available at: http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/pdf/euguide/ich/053900en.pdf G.B. Jena et al., 2001, Genotoxicity testing, a regulatory requirement for drug discovery and development: impact of ICH guidelines, Indian Journal of Pharmacology. David J. Tweats 1998, Impact of ICH guidelines on genotoxicity testing, PSTT Vol 1, No. 5. ICH harmonised tripartite guideline, Guideline on the need for carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals S1A. Available at: http://www.bcg-usa.com/regulatory/docs/ich/ICHS1A.pdf Guideline for industry, The need for long-term rodent carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals. Availableat: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm074911.pdf ICH M3; Timing of pre-clinical studies in relation to clinical trials (see safety topics). Available at: http://www.ich.org/cache/compo/276-254-1.html Preclinical toxicology: Points to consider in programme design. Available at: http://www.pacificbiolabs.com/preclinical James L. Stevens, (2006). Future of toxicology mechanisms of toxicity and drug safety: where do we go from here? Chem. Res. Toxicol., 19, 1393-1401. Yasuo Ohno, (2002). ICH Guidelines-Implementation of the 3Rs: Incorporating Best Scientific Practices into the regulatory Process. Regulatory Testing and Animal Welfare. ILAR Journal V43 Supplement 2002. Lecture notes by Dr Jean-Pierre Valentin, Director Safety Pharmacology, Safety Assessment UK, AstraZeneca. Lecture notes by Dr Lorna M. Burns, Sequani limited, Ledbury, Herefordshire Lecture notes by Dr M. Kelly.

An Analysis of the Media and Culture Issues of Society :: Media Cultural Essays

The issue of the relationship between the mass media and the popular culture has always been a controversial issue in social sciences. The political economists insist on the role of the media industry in the creation of this phenomenon of the twentieth century. Though, advocates such as John Fiske, argue that popular culture is actually the creation of the populous itself, and is independent of the capitalist production process of the communication sector. Basing his argument on the immense interpretive power of the people, Fiske believes that the audience is able to break all the indented meanings within a media message. He also believes- by giving new meanings to that specific message they can oppose the power block that is trying to impose its ideology to the public. Consequently, this anarchistic activity of the audience creates the popular culture as a defence mechanism. Even when we accept Fiske’s ideas, we can not disregard the manipulative power of the media and it s effects on cultural and social life. Everyday we are exposed to millions of different visual messages, which tell us what to eat, what to wear, what to watch and what to listen. No matter how hard we try to avoid being influenced by these directives, we can only protect ourselves to a certain point. After that, no interpretive power can be helpful. Media then leads us to a path that ends up in the same department store with our neighbour, with whom we have probably never spoken to before. Ironically, we are holding the same pair of socks or CDs, and we might never want to recall the TV commercial that had opened the gates to this path. The United States is the biggest economical power in the world today, and consequently has also the strongest and largest media industry. Therefore, it is essential to take a look at the crucial relationship between the media and the popular culture within the social context of the United States for a better understanding of the issue. For a simpler analysis of the subject we shall divide the media industry into three main branches: Entertainment, News and Commercials (which is the essential device for the survival of the industry, and shall be considered in integration with Entertainment). Researches have shown that the most popular reason behind TV viewing is relaxation and emptying the mind.

The Remarkable Ayn Rand :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Remarkable Ayn Rand      Ã‚  "If a life can have a 'theme song' - and I believe that every worthwhile one has - mine is [best] expressed in one word: Individualism." (qtd. in ARI)   This quote from Ayn Rand can be applied to everything she did or thought during her life.   Born in St. Petersburg, Russia on February 2, 1905, Rand felt out of place in her native country.   She didn't agree with the prevailing ideas of mysticism and collectivism that formed the Russian government and society.   So at age 21, in 1926, she sailed to the United States.   It was in the US that Ayn Rand made a name for herself, and began a new philosophy that would affect people around the world.    Rand knew at age nine that she wanted to become a fiction writer.   What she didn't know was that her name would soon be known across the United States, as well as Europe, for her controversial novels.   Her first novel, We the Living, was published in 1936.   But it wasn't until 1945, with the arrival of The Fountainhead, that she won international fame.   Rand had established a reputation as a talented novelist and philosopher by the time Atlas Shrugged was first printed in 1957.   This work is considered by some to be her greatest achievement: an intellectual mystery story integrating ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, politics, economics, and sex.   It also formulated "a philosophy for living on earth" (qtd. in ARI), sometimes referred to as objectivism.   When she died on March 6, 1982 in her New York City apartment, she had sold over 20 million books.    Although Ayn Rand is known mostly for her writing, her career in the United States began in the film industry.   She left her relatives' home in Chicago to pursue a career as a screenwriter in Hollywood.   On her second day in the city, she was standing on a corner and was offered a ride by Cecil B. DeMille, a director.   He brought her to the set of his current film, The King of Kings, and gave her a job as an extra.   It was here, a week later, that she met actor Frank O'Connor, whom she married in 1929.   And although they were married for 50 years, Rand also had an 18 year relationship with Nathaniel Branden.

Multiple Sclerosis Diseases

Multiple Sclerosis is a disease that bewilders us all.. There is no known cause. We do know that MS (multiple sclerosis) is a disease where the myelin breaks down and is replaced by scar tissue. The demyelination can slow down or block the flow of signals to and from the central nervous system to the rest of the body, impairing such functions as vision, strength, and coordination. 1 While we do know what MS is we still don't know why, where and when people contract the disease. It has been proven that MS generally appears between the ages of twenty to forty and it strikes women at more than twice the ratio it strikes men. Statistics have also shown that the disease strikes the middle and upper class more than the lower class and poor. Worldwide research shows that MS has a broad geographical distribution. It has long established that MS is more prominent in colder regions and rare in tropical areas. Maine being a colder climate has shown some of the highest rates of MS. 2 There is evidence of a slight increase in MS among first degree relatives–parents, siblings, and children. It is also suspected that the same family members may inherent a genetic susceptibility to MS. While it is possible to inherit a genetic susceptibility to MS, it is not possible to inherit the disease. And even people who have all the necessary genes don't necessarily get MS. The disease, experts believe, must be triggered by environmental factors. So MS is not considered a hereditary disease. 3 Until the definite cause of Ms is proved the treatment cannot be truly scientific. But there are treatments that are effective in dealing with symptoms. For instance, there are the common sense treatments that everyone, with or without an illness, should treat themselves with, which are: A healthy diet, exercise, sufficient amount of rest and to live your life as you would normally. There are also lots of drugs that treat many of the different symptoms. Since there are so many symptoms and treatments, I will only list a few: Treatments that increase the blood flow, that decrease blood clotting, treatments for chemical eccess or deficiency, treatments to prevent infection and treatments for the immune system. Treatment and rehabilitation have also been joined together. Weakness is one of the major symptoms of Ms and can be treated with physical therapy and strengthening exercises. One of the best exercises for reducing weakness in the limbs is hydrotherapy. Hydrotherapy is done in the water. Hydrotherapy exercises use the benefits of buoyancy. Another way to eliminate weakness is to stay off a weak limb. Overall, by recognizing limits and using common sense, weakness can be greatly diminished. 4 Spasticity, another MS symptom, is most effectively treated with physical therapy. Cold is an excellent temporary measure for relaxing the spastic limb. Hydrotherapy is, again, the most effective exercise for relief, combining stretching and cool temperatures. There are also many medications for spasticity, such as Baclofen, Dantrollene, and Diazepam. Relaxation techniques such as yoga, transcendental meditation, biofeedback, have been successful with spasticity as well. 5 Some MS patients might have mild to sever balance trouble. In mild cases, the person can learn how to compensate easily by standing and walking with a little wider base and taking short steps rather than long strides. When balance trouble is a little more severe, a four-pronged cane, crutches or a walker may be necessary. Someone with MS could have visual problems. The problem varies from decreased acuity, blurred or cloudy vision, and double vision. The treatment depends on the stage of the problem. If it is a new part of an attack, visual loss responds to steroids. If it is a persistent problem, glasses or special lenses might be the best treatment. 7 Bladder problems are unfortunately not uncommon with MS. The most common are frequency and urgency. There are three good medications that relieve symptoms when they are present for more than a week or two: Pro-Banthine, Ditropan and Tofranil. Iif bladder problems do not respond to medication, a complete bladder training problem may be prescribed. 7 The treatments and medications used ten years ago are still effective and still being used but there are medical breakthroughs being announced regularly. In October of 1994, there was a medical breakthrough. Researchers found out that an anticancer drug stops the most crippling form of MS. The drug is Cladribine and the results are dramatic. A study was done on 49 patients with progressive chronic MS, which effects about 53,000 Americans and is the most severe form of MS. Half of the patients were given the drug and the other half were given a placebo. For the patients that were given Cladribine the spread of MS stopped for all patients and some improved. Their legs no longer shook and they no longer needed canes or braces. Dr. Ernest Beutler stated: â€Å"It's the only agent that has clearly been shown to stop the progression of the disease. â€Å"8 Another treatment that is not new or a medical breakthrough but is very effective and gaining popularity with MS patients is Apitherapy, which is the scientific name for the bee venom that is used by MS patients. Doctors aren't exactly sure why the bee venom is effective. They know that the venom contains two powerful anti-inflammatory agents, melittin and adolapin which appear to fight the neural sheath inflammation itself. One women with MS is quoted after two months of bee venom treatments: â€Å"My hearing was totally back and I was out of the wheelchair and walking with a cane†. Another example was a young women who had bladder problems. After her venom treatments she hasn't wet the bed since she first contracted MS. Others have noticed more balance, more energy and less numbness in there legs and feet. Overall, whether it's medication, exercise, rehabilitation, the most important factor in the treatment of this disease is to have a positive attitude, hope for the future, and a desire to live your life as you normally would from day to day. Socially MS can be just as difficult to fight as it is physically. Dating, marriage, children, careers, parents and friends can be difficult barriers emotionally. dating is hard for anyone regardless of sex, age, appearance or status in life. if your MS has visual symptoms that are apparent to others. its best to be open right away. You should go about this in whatever way is most comfortable to you. for people with mild or invisible MS, disclosure to a dating can and probably should wait. Like any other person some relationships work out and some don't . The best advice is to date, explore new relationships and don't be afraid to fall in love. 2 MS will have an impact on your marriage. Management of Ms requires patience and understanding. When your MS is in remission there may be no problem to face. When you're in a new attack, your mate need to take over shopping, cooking, mowing, and caring for the children if any. the most patience and understandings comes to anned when a person with MS becomes disabled. this is the real test of love for most couples. this is when you should really take notice of what kind of problems you had before. Don't expect your partner to feel guilty. if the marriage was meant to work it will work. If you have MS your children have probably already figured out that something is wrong before you tell them. The best approach is to be honest with your children. with each knew attack there needs to be communication. Parents with MS should watch their children for any emotional difficulties they may be having. Keeping your friends should not be a problem. Good reins stick by your side through everything. Your friends should feel comfortable with you just as you should feel comfortable with them. With making new friends it should be just the same as you made them before. You should eventually tell them about MS but it can wait until both feel comfortable with talking about it. More often it is harder for someone with MS just to hang on to a job. unfortunately it has little to do with their ability and more to do with discrimination. But today there are laws and regulations so Know one with any disability should be fired or feel thy have to quit. 2 Job hunting with Ms is a whole different issue. if you have viable symptoms, you are going to have to address your situation up front . If you have an interview you may want to be up front about it on the phone. The main thing is if you feel comfortable with yourself others will to. You should always emphasize that you are a hard worker. And be aware of discrimination because it happens all the time and it is illegal. Overall i personally believe that Ms should not get in the way of your social life. If you have a good personality you should be able to make friends and if you are a hard worker there is no reason why you should not be able to work. A positive way of thinking will definitely get you on your way. After MS patients have dealt with physical therapy, doctors, treatments and medications you may ask yourself where would therapeutic recreation come into the picture? The answer to that would depend on the person and what type of lifestyle and goals they had for themselves. today's society is pushing everyone to physically and emotionally fit with activities such as mountain biking, swimming skiing, and walking. The reason these and many other activates are so popular is because its fun, its a hobby, receives stress and its exercise whereas riding a stationary bike is exercise but you don't hear to many people say its their hobby or its a fun pastime. TR(therapeutic recreation) come into place with people with MS and other mental and physical disabilities because their is a need for them to fulfill their goals and expectations like everyone else. Since they have a special need a TR program or specialist can help them fulfill that need. People with MS should have the maximum participation with the fewest adaptations. Just like any other part of their life style they should develop a leisure lifestyle that is normal a possible. I think it is important for Ms patients to choose their own activates and set their own goals, within reason.! Lastly, I feel sensitive to anyone that contracts a disease, such as AIDS, or cancer. Its an awful thing if someone was an IV drug user and than they contacted the Aids Virus or if some one smoked for thirty years and they were diagnosed with lung cancer. I think one of the hardest things about Ms is that you can be healthy or not healthy know one in your family could have it and then one day you show symptoms. Physiologically Yes that would be a difficult thing to deal with. But it is a disease that is striking millions of people and after doing research I believe the positive attitude and to go on with your normal way of living is the best psychological cure. It doesn't stop you from living, having a job, a family, hobbies, or friends. Overall when they say MS is a mystery disease i would have to agree. I think there is definite hope for a cure for the future. We have medical breakthroughs and have several clues to the disease.